Gradraw® Ion Imager is an innovative product designed and developed based on selective microelectrode technology, which is used to observe the change of ion concentration gradient outside living samples. The product only needs 25 seconds to obtain the image of the change of the ion concentration gradient outside the sample without damaging, labeling and processing the living sample. The detection range of the concentration gradient reaches 0-10mM, the detection accuracy of the ion concentration gradient reaches 10-12M, and the detection accuracy of the molecular concentration gradient reaches 10-12M. It can also carry out the research on samples at the tissue, organ and cell levels, and solve the problem of the lack of research means at the tissue level. In addition to detecting 11 kinds of ions including Ca2+、H+、K+、Na+、Cl-、Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、NH4+、NO3-、Mg2+ the product can also upgrade the detection of active oxygen H2O2, oxygen O2, and auxin IAA, which is applied to hundreds of scientific research. The product is equipped with imGradraw intelligent software, which can display, draw, and output the concentration gradient change diagram in real time. At the same time, YoungerUSA can provide technical and R&D support according to customer needs to make innovation and research easier. The new indicators such as glucose, glutamate and ATP that are currently being developed can be upgraded.
Description
Name: Gradraw® Ion Imager
Model: GD-100-YG
Brand: YoungerUSA
Origin: USA
Certified: ISO9001 international quality system certification
Advantages
1. It can conduct research on tissue, organ and cell level samples to solve the problem of lack of research means at the tissue level.
2. Non-damage detection, processing and marking of living samples are required to obtain the most authentic signals of the samples under normal conditions.
3. It can detect 11 kinds of ions (including Ca2+、H+、K+、Na+、Cl-、Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、NH4+、NO3-、Mg2+), and can be used in hundreds of studies such as signal transduction and cell apoptosis. For example:
- Hydrogen ion H+: pH is the most important factor in microenvironment, which can regulate pH, stabilize cell capacity, affect Ca2+ transport, and make tumor cells resist apoptosis; It is related to cardiovascular disease, endocrine disease, tumor and kidney disease.
- Calcium ion Ca2+: Ca2+, as the second messenger, participates in many physiological processes. For example, through mitochondrial pathway, death receptor pathway and endoplasmic reticulum pathway, cell apoptosis is regulated through signal transduction; The initial messenger of reactive apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS); Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+disorder causes nerve cell damage and excitotoxicity (the pathogenesis of AD), the key factor of abnormal vascular disease, and is closely related to diabetes and tumor.
- K+: K+ efflux is a characteristic marker of apoptosis. Together with Na+, maintain cell volume, osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, and maintain the stress of neuromuscular system; Together with Ca2+, it maintains the normal function of myocardium.
- Sodium ion Na+: Na+ is the most important electrolyte in the extracellular fluid, which plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure and volume of the extracellular fluid; It plays a key role in physiology and pathology. For example, nerve conduction, muscle and heart contraction, electrolyte balance, cation transport and cell volume regulation.
- Cl-: maintain acid-base balance and participate in cell volume regulation.
- Ammonium ion NH4+: The ability of the kidney to excrete ammonium is a sign of whether the kidney function is normal.
- Magnesium ion Mg2+: The generation of energy, the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and the formation of various membranes all depend on Mg2+; It can regulate the transport of sodium ion Na+, potassium ion K+ and calcium ion Ca2+, which is related to hypertension; It is an activator of various enzymes in the body. Participate in glucose metabolism, maintain insulin homeostasis, and participate in vasoconstriction.
- Copper ion Cu2+: It is the component of liver copper protein, brain copper protein and plasma ceruloplasmin in human body; It is one of the components of cytochrome C oxidase (one of the key enzymes in the respiratory chain); It is also a cofactor of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and directly or indirectly participates in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease.
4. Innovation and expansion: active oxygen H2O2, oxygen O2, auxin IAA, etc. can be upgraded. It can be applied to dozens of studies, such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, the effect of transcription factor activity, gene expression, muscle contraction and cell growth, chemotaxis and apoptosis.
Features
1. Basic Functions
- Detect the concentration gradient and concentration gradient change of the external micro-area environment of the sample
- Display the concentration gradient and concentration gradient change through different color maps, and do not need to calculate through data
- Detection indicators: Ca2+、H+、K+、Na+、Cd2+、Cl-、NH4+、NO3-、Mg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+
2. Performance Parameters
- Working voltage: 100V~240V
- Concentration gradient detection range: 0-10mM
- Concentration gradient detection accuracy: 10-9M (proton concentration gradient detection accuracy: 10-12M)
- Minimum detection period: 25s
- Detection range: 30 μ m-150 μ m
- Minimum movement distance of sensor: 1 μ m
3. imGradraw Software Parameters
- Draw concentration gradient map and concentration gradient change map, and save them at any time
- Real-time display of sample image
- Display and record background concentration, scale, test time and user information
Standardization Scheme
pH is one of the most important physiological parameters in organisms and is strictly controlled by endogenous buffer. The pH value of human cell fluid is closely related to many important physiological processes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, ion transport, muscle contraction and other activities. The changes of pH also affect the activities of the nervous system such as synaptic transmission and neuronal excitation through the changes of signal connections and gap pathways. Abnormal pH can often be observed in abnormal cell function, growth and division, accompanied by different diseases. Proton gradient imaging is an innovative product based on the key technology-non-invasive micro-measurement technology. Compared with traditional microelectrode, magnetic resonance and fluorescence analysis, it has unique advantages.
Challenges in proton gradient research
The pH changes slightly and rapidly, while the traditional fluorescence probe technology has a buffer effect and the results are inaccurate.
The fluorescence probe method is complex and difficult to quantify the change of pH.
The traditional microelectrode method has low spatial resolution and general temporal resolution.
The existing pH imaging technology, such as magnetic resonance, has low sensitivity and expensive equipment.
Proton flow detection technology cannot achieve imaging and is not intuitive.
Solution of proton gradient imager
Pretreatment is simple and nondestructive.
The sensitivity of concentration gradient detection can reach 10-12M.
The proton concentration imaging of the extracellular microenvironment can be realized, and the results are more intuitive.
There is no need for indicator and dyeing, which eliminates the buffer effect and makes the result more accurate.
It can directly quantify the proton concentration in the extracellular microenvironment with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
The proton gradient of tissue microenvironment can be directly detected without the influence of sample size and structure.
Case: the relationship between the proportion of cancer in tumor tissue and proton gradient
External acidification and internal alkalization are common in different types of malignant tumors. Compared with normal cells, tumor cells have higher intracellular pH (pHi) and lower extracellular pH (pHe). The study found that the acidity of tumor tissue was much higher than that of normal tissue. The tumor cells can not survive under the condition of low pHi for a long time, so the acidic products in the cells are discharged, resulting in the external acidification and internal alkalization of the tumor microenvironment.
We use living breast tumor tissue as the material, use proton gradient imaging instrument to detect the proton gradient at different sites of tumor tissue, and evaluate the proportion of cancer in tumor tissue (the proportion of cancer cells in tissue) by combining tissue sectioning technology. It is found that the higher the proportion of cancer in tumor tissue, the greater the concentration gradient of proton on the tissue surface, indicating that the proton secretion is active. On the contrary, proton secretion is weak.
Calcium ion is an important second messenger, which not only regulates a variety of physiological activities in cells, but also participates in the response process of cells to the external environment. The calcium signal is mainly generated by the change of the distribution and concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm and organelles. Intracellular calcium ions present complex spatiotemporal dynamic changes. Only by comprehensively grasping the changes of intracellular and extracellular calcium ions in real time can we deeply understand the important functions of calcium signals. At present, the most common techniques are fluorescence probe technology used to detect intracellular calcium concentration and non-invasive micro-measurement technology used to detect intracellular and extracellular calcium ion exchange. There are few extracellular calcium ion imaging techniques.
Challenges in calcium ion research
Lack of research means for the micro-change of calcium concentration in the extracellular microenvironment.
The calcium ion signal changes rapidly, while the traditional fluorescence probe technology has buffer effect, and the results are inaccurate.
The detection technology of intracellular and extracellular calcium flow cannot be imaged and is not intuitive.
The effect of calcium imaging for tissue is not ideal.
Solution of calcium ion imager
It can directly detect the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular microenvironment with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
No indicator is required and no staining is required.
The calcium concentration imaging of extracellular microenvironment can be realized, and the results are more intuitive.
The calcium concentration in tissue microenvironment can be directly detected without the influence of sample size and structure.
Case: calcium concentration gradient of rice rhizosphere microenvironment under low temperature stress
4 ℃ low temperature stimulated the rice root in real time, and observed the Ca2+ concentration gradient of the rhizosphere microenvironment. It was found that under normal temperature, the Ca2+ concentration gradient of the rhizosphere microenvironment was not obvious, and the Ca2+ concentration near the root surface was slightly lower than the environmental concentration. After low temperature treatment, the Ca2+ concentration gradient in the rhizosphere microenvironment increased significantly, and the Ca2+ concentration near the root surface was significantly lower than the environmental concentration. With the passage of time, the concentration gradient of Ca2+ in the rhizosphere microenvironment gradually decreased, and the concentration of Ca2+ near the root surface gradually increased and approached the environmental concentration. After low temperature treatment, the concentration of Ca2+ on the root surface decreased sharply, indicating that a large amount of Ca2+ entered the root. With the passage of time, the amount of Ca2+ entering the root became less and less.
Sodium ion is the most important electrolyte in the extracellular fluid and plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure and volume of the extracellular fluid. It plays a key role in physiology and pathology, such as nerve conduction, muscle and heart contraction, electrolyte balance, cation transport and cell volume regulation. At present, the common imaging technologies used to detect sodium ion concentration include fluorescent sodium ion probe and magnetic resonance, while sodium ion imaging instrument has its unique advantages.
Challenges in sodium ion research
The traditional fluorescence probe technology has buffer effect and the result is inaccurate.
The traditional microelectrode method has low spatial resolution and general temporal resolution.
The existing sodium ion imaging technology, such as magnetic resonance, has low sensitivity and expensive equipment.
The sodium flow detection technology cannot achieve imaging and is not intuitive.
Solution of sodium ion imager
Pretreatment is simple and nondestructive.
Concentration gradient detection sensitivity can reach 10-12M level
It can realize the imaging of sodium ion concentration in the extracellular microenvironment, and the results are more intuitive.
There is no need for indicator and dyeing, which eliminates the buffer effect and makes the result more accurate.
It can directly quantify the concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular microenvironment, with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
It is not affected by the size and structure of the sample, and can directly detect the sodium ion gradient of the tissue microenvironment.
Case: Comparison of root sodium concentration gradient between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive varieties under salt stress
The salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana was treated with 150mM plate for 3 days to detect the concentration gradient of Na+ in the root zone. The results showed that the concentration of Na+in the root surface of salt-tolerant varieties was higher, and both varieties were higher than the environmental concentration, that is, the roots of both Arabidopsis were excreting Na+. In addition, the concentration of Na+ in salt-tolerant varieties decreased more sharply from close to the root surface to far away, that is, the gradient of Na+ concentration in the root surface of salt-tolerant varieties was larger, indicating that compared with the salt-sensitive group, the Na+excretion in the salt-tolerant group was stronger.
Potassium ion is an important dielectric and mineral in the human body, especially an important cation in the intracellular and extracellular matrix. Its function is to maintain the acid-base balance inside and outside the cell, osmotic pressure, membrane potential, neuromuscular function, etc. Hyperkalemia is associated with renal failure, dehydration shock and adrenal cortical insufficiency; Hypokalemia is related to malnutrition, negative nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal fluid loss. At present, there are few imaging instruments for potassium ion in living tissues and cells. The common techniques for detecting potassium ion concentration include fluorescence quantitative technology and microelectrode technology. The potassium ion imager has obvious advantages because of its visual and intuitive results.
Challenges in potassium ion research
Imaging technology of potassium ion concentration in living cells and tissues is lacking.
The fluorescence probe technology has buffer effect and the result is inaccurate.
The traditional microelectrode method has low spatial resolution and general temporal resolution.
The potassium flow detection technology cannot achieve imaging and is not intuitive.
Potassium ion imager solution
Pretreatment is simple and nondestructive.
Concentration gradient detection sensitivity can reach 10-12M level
It can realize the imaging of potassium ion concentration in the extracellular microenvironment, and the results are more intuitive.
There is no need for indicator and dyeing, which eliminates the buffer effect and makes the result more accurate.
It can directly quantify the potassium ion concentration gradient in the extracellular microenvironment, with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
The potassium ion concentration gradient in the tissue microenvironment can be directly detected without the influence of sample size and structure.
Case: Dynamic changes of intracellular and extracellular K+ during tumor cell apoptosis
Crosssporine (STS) can induce cell apoptosis. We use 1 μ When M's STS was used to measure the extracellular K+concentration gradient of tumor cells, it was found that before treatment, the K+concentration gradient of the extracellular microenvironment was not obvious, and the K+ concentration near the cell surface was slightly higher than the environmental concentration. After 10 minutes of STS treatment, the K+ concentration gradient in the extracellular microenvironment increased significantly, and the K+ concentration near the cell surface was significantly higher than the environmental concentration, indicating that the discharged K+ was detected on the surface of tumor cells at this time. Over time, the K+ concentration gradient of the extracellular microenvironment gradually decreased, and the K+ concentration near the cell surface gradually decreased and approached the environmental concentration. It shows that the amount of K+ excreted from tumor cells is less and less as time goes by.
Chloride ion plays a variety of physiological roles. Many cells have chloride ion channels, which are mainly responsible for controlling the membrane potential and cell volume of cells at rest. In the membrane system, chloride ions in special neurons can regulate the action of glycine and GABA. The chloride ion is also related to maintaining the acid-base balance in the blood. The kidney is an organ that regulates the content of chloride ion in the blood. The disorder of chloride ion transport will lead to some pathological changes. The most well-known is cystic fibrosis, which is caused by the mutation of a chloride ion transport protein CFTR on the plasma membrane. At present, the common imaging technology used to detect chloride ion concentration is chloride ion fluorescence probe, and chloride ion imager has its unique advantages.
Challenges in chloride ion research
The traditional fluorescence probe technology has buffer effect and the result is inaccurate.
The traditional microelectrode method has low spatial resolution and general temporal resolution.
Chlorine ion current detection technology can not achieve imaging and is not intuitive.
Solution of chloride ion imager
Pretreatment is simple and nondestructive.
Concentration gradient detection sensitivity can reach 10-12M level
It can realize the imaging of chloride ion concentration in the extracellular microenvironment, and the results are more intuitive.
There is no need for indicator and dyeing, which eliminates the buffer effect and makes the result more accurate.
It can directly quantify the concentration of chloride ion in the extracellular microenvironment with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
It is not affected by the size and structure of the sample, and can directly detect the chloride ion concentration gradient of the tissue microenvironment.
Case: Dynamic change of Cl- in the process of tumor cell volume regulation under hypotonic environment
In the hypotonic environment, the cells swell with water, and at the same time, the cell volume regulation mechanism will be activated to reduce the cell volume. This process is called regulatory cell volume reduction (RVD). Through the research of non-invasive micro-measurement technology and patch clamp technology, it was found that K+, H+and Cl- were excreted during the reduction of regulatory cell volume, and the water in the cell was taken away at the same time, thus reducing the cell volume. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells were treated with hypotonic solution. Before treatment, the concentration gradient of Cl- in the extracellular microenvironment was not obvious, and the concentration of Cl- near the cell surface was slightly higher than the environmental concentration. After 3 minutes of treatment, the concentration gradient of Cl- in the extracellular microenvironment began to increase, and the concentration of Cl- near the cell surface was significantly higher than the environmental concentration, indicating that the discharged Cl- was detected on the surface of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells at this time. Over time, the K+ concentration gradient of the extracellular microenvironment gradually increased, and the K+ concentration near the cell surface became higher and higher. It shows that with the passage of time, the amount of Cl- excreted from nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells is increasing, and reaches the peak in about 10 minutes.
Magnesium ion is the most important bivalent cation in cells and plays an important role in cells. It plays an important role in many cell processes, such as budding, cell death, stabilizing the configuration of DNA, ion transport through the membrane, maintaining cell shape and signal transmission, and also plays a certain role in regulating the function of enzymes. Most ATP in cells is bound to Mg2+. MgATP2- is a very important species in active transport and muscle contraction. Therefore, the change of total or free magnesium ion concentration will have a significant impact on cell metabolism and cell function. At present, the common imaging technologies used to detect the concentration of magnesium ions are magnesium ion fluorescence probe, magnetic resonance and other technologies, and the magnesium ion imager has its unique advantages.
Challenges in magnesium ion research
The traditional fluorescence probe technology has buffer effect, the result is not accurate, and is easy to be disturbed by Ca2+.
The traditional microelectrode method has low spatial resolution and general temporal resolution.
The magnesium ion current detection technology cannot achieve imaging and is not intuitive.
The existing magnesium ion imaging technology, such as magnetic resonance, has low sensitivity and expensive equipment.
Magnesium ion imager solution
Pretreatment is simple and nondestructive.
The sensitivity of concentration gradient detection can reach 10-12M.
It can realize the imaging of magnesium ion concentration in the extracellular microenvironment, and the results are more intuitive.
There is no need for indicator and dyeing, which eliminates the buffer effect and makes the result more accurate.
It can directly quantify the concentration of magnesium ion in the extracellular microenvironment, with a spatial resolution of up to 1 micron.
The gradient of magnesium ion concentration in tissue microenvironment can be directly detected without the influence of sample size and structure.
Case: concentration gradient of Mg2+ on the surface of intestinal mucosa of freshwater fish after eating/fasting
Freshwater fish live in a low-permeability environment and need to constantly absorb ions to maintain a steady state. Mg2+ and Ca2+ are the key to the formation and growth of freshwater fish bones. Taking the goldfish intestinal mucosa as the research material, the Mg2+ concentration gradient on the surface of the goldfish intestinal mucosa in the feeding group and the fasting group was detected by using a magnesium ion imager. It was found that the Mg2+ concentration on the surface of the intestinal mucosa in the feeding group was significantly lower than the environmental concentration, indicating that the intestinal mucosa in the feeding group was absorbing Mg2+. The concentration gradient of Mg2+ on the surface of intestinal mucosa in the feeding group was significantly higher than that in the fasting group, indicating that the absorption intensity of Mg2+ in the former was higher than that in the latter, and the latter was in a weak state of absorption of Mg2+.
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